Scandium
Simplified 2D Bohr model:Central red circle is the nucleus (proton). Blue ring represents the electron's orbit. Small blue dot is the electron. Note: This basic model doesn't show quantum behavior.
CLASSIFICATION:
Transition Metal, Rare Earth Metal
Scandium's classification as a transition metal stems from its partially filled d orbital, which grants it unique properties like variable oxidation states and the ability to form colored compounds., Although scandium shares characteristics with the lanthanide series, it is often distinguished due to its smaller atomic size and distinct electron configuration.
44.955908 u
Appearance: Silvery white metallic luster
Scandium, a silvery-white transition metal, holds a unique position in the periodic table, bridging the gap between lightweight metals and the rare earth elements. Despite being classified as a rare earth metal, scandium is relatively more abundant than many other precious metals. Its discovery in 1879 by Lars Fredrik Nilson marked a significant moment in the understanding of elemental properties and their distribution in the Earth's crust.
21
21
24 (most abundant isotope)
eV
4. Discovery and History
1541 °C
2836 °C
2.985 g/cm³ at 20 °C
162 pm
15.0 cm³/mol
144 pm
25.52 J/(mol·K)
15.8 W/(m·K)
3040 m/s
2.985 g/cm³ at 20 °C
Not specified
15.8 W/(m·K)
750 MPa
0.568 J/(g·K) at 25 °C
10.2 µm/(m·K) at 25 °C
Solid to liquid at 1541 °C, liquid to gas at 2836 °C
Scandium readily reacts with acids, forming hydrogen gas and scandium salts. It also reacts with oxygen at high temperatures, forming scandium oxide (Sc₂O₃).
+3
-2.077 V (Sc³⁺ + 3e⁻ → Sc)
Scandium primarily forms ionic compounds with a +3 oxidation state, demonstrating its tendency to lose its three valence electrons. Its compounds often exhibit high melting points and good thermal stability.
Paramagnetic
562 nΩ·m at 20 °C
Not specified
Not applicable for metals
High reflectivity, typical of metals, particularly in its polished form
Scandium does not have a characteristic absorption spectrum in the visible range, but its compounds might exhibit specific absorption bands depending on their electronic structure.
n = 4 for valence electrons (l = 2 for the d orbital, indicating the start of transition metal behavior)
Total Electrons: 21, Shells: 1s², 2s² 2p⁶, 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹, 4s²
-6.5615 eV for the ionization energy, representing the energy required to remove one electron from the outermost shell
[Ar] 3d¹ 4s²
Scandium's electron configuration highlights its position as the first transition metal, with one electron occupying the 3d orbital.
Trace Element
Scandium is widely distributed in the Earth's crust but in very low concentrations. It is found in trace amounts in over 800 minerals, often associated with rare earth elements.
Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP)
Temperature: Below 1336 °C
Scandium adopts an HCP structure at room temperature, which contributes to its ductility and malleability.
Body-Centered Cubic (BCC)
Temperature: 1336 °C to melting point
At higher temperatures, scandium undergoes a phase transition to a BCC structure.
+3, +2
The most common and stable oxidation state for scandium, reflecting its tendency to lose all three valence electrons., Less common and less stable than the +3 state, observed in some organoscandium compounds.
Scandium Oxide (Sc₂O₃)
Sc₂O₃
A white, high-melting solid with applications in high-intensity lighting, electronic ceramics, and as a catalyst.
Scandium Chloride (ScCl₃)
ScCl₃
A white, water-soluble salt used as a precursor to other scandium compounds and in organic synthesis.
Scandium Trifluoromethanesulfonate [Sc(OTf)₃]
Sc(OTf)₃
A Lewis acid catalyst used in organic reactions, known for its stability and solubility.
Aluminum-Scandium Alloys
Al-Sc
Lightweight, high-strength alloys used in aerospace, sports equipment, and 3D printing.
361.383 nm nm
Strong
Emission
363.075 nm nm
Strong
Emission
364.280 nm nm
Strong
Emission
601.729 nm nm
Medium
Emission
17. Practical Applications
Aerospace Industry
Scandium-aluminum alloys are highly valued for their strength-to-weight ratio, making them ideal for aircraft components and spacecraft structures.
Sports Equipment
The lightweight and durable nature of scandium-aluminum alloys finds application in bicycle frames, baseball bats, and other sports equipment where performance and weight are critical factors.
High-Intensity Lighting
Scandium iodide is used in metal halide lamps, producing a bright, white light with excellent color rendering properties.
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Scandium oxide acts as an electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), offering high ionic conductivity at elevated temperatures.
Radioactive Tracing
The radioactive isotope scandium-46 is used as a tracer in industrial processes and medical diagnostics.
3D Printing
Scandium-aluminum alloys are gaining traction in 3D printing due to their strength and printability.
26. Synthesis and Production
Scandium is not synthesized but extracted from minerals like thortveitite, euxenite, and gadolinite.
Common extraction methods include solvent extraction, ion exchange, and fractional crystallization.
Global scandium production is estimated to be around 2-4 tonnes per year.
20. Economic Data
Market Price: Variable, influenced by purity and market demand
Producing Countries: China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine are major producers, often as a by-product of other metal extraction processes.
Industrial Use: N/A
Description: N/A
18. Biological Role
Not established
Scandium has no known biological role in humans or other organisms. It is considered a non-essential element.
Regulations vary by country and region, primarily focusing on occupational exposure limits and environmental considerations during mining and processing.
Specific restrictions may apply to the export and import of scandium due to its strategic importance in certain industries.
19. Health and Environmental Impact
While scandium itself poses minimal health risks, exposure to scandium compounds, particularly in dust or powder form, can lead to respiratory irritation and skin or eye problems.
The extraction and processing of scandium, often associated with rare earth element mining, can have environmental impacts, including habitat disruption, water pollution, and soil contamination. Sustainable mining practices and responsible waste management are crucial to mitigate these effects.
27. Environmental Safety
Scandium compounds can cause eye and skin irritation upon contact. Inhalation of scandium dust may lead to lung problems. However, scandium metal itself has low toxicity.
Proper handling procedures, including the use of gloves, masks, and eye protection, are crucial when working with scandium compounds. Adequate ventilation is essential to prevent dust inhalation.
Handling: N/A
Storage: N/A
First Aid Measures: N/A
23. Future Predictions
Increased Demand
The unique properties of scandium and its alloys are likely to drive increased demand in various industries, including aerospace, renewable energy, and advanced materials.
Technological Advancements
Ongoing research into scandium-based materials, such as high-temperature superconductors and more efficient batteries, could lead to breakthroughs in various technological fields.
Sustainability Focus
As environmental concerns grow, there will likely be a greater emphasis on sustainable and responsible sourcing and processing of scandium to minimize environmental impact.