Tungsten
Simplified 2D Bohr model:Central red circle is the nucleus (proton). Blue ring represents the electron's orbit. Small blue dot is the electron. Note: This basic model doesn't show quantum behavior.
CLASSIFICATION:
Transition Metal
Belonging to the prestigious group of transition metals, Tungsten exhibits characteristic properties like variable oxidation states, formation of colored compounds, and catalytic activity. Its robustness, high density, and exceptional melting point distinguish it as a valuable asset in high-temperature and demanding applications.
183.84 u
Appearance: Grayish white, lustrous metal
Tungsten, a fascinating element with the highest melting point among all known elements, boasts a rich history and a diverse range of applications. Its exceptional properties, including high density, remarkable strength, and resistance to corrosion, make it indispensable in various industries, from electronics and lighting to aerospace and medical technologies. Tungsten's journey from its discovery in the 18th century to its modern-day uses showcases its significance in shaping technological advancements.
74
74
110
eV
4. Discovery and History
3422 ยฐC
5930 ยฐC
19.25 g/cmยณ
139 pm
9.53 cmยณ/mol
162 pm
24.27 J/(molยทK)
173 W/(mยทK)
5174 m/s
19.25 g/cmยณ
7.5
173 W/(mยทK)
2000-4000 MPa
0.134 J/(gยทK)
4.5 ยตm/(mยทK)
Tungsten transitions from a solid to a liquid at its remarkably high melting point of 3422 ยฐC and further transforms into a gas at its boiling point of 5930 ยฐC under standard pressure conditions.
Renowned for its chemical stability, Tungsten demonstrates remarkable resistance to corrosion and reacts only with highly reactive substances like strong acids, alkalis, and oxidizing agents under specific conditions.
+6, +4, +5, +3, +2
Not well characterized
Tungsten primarily forms compounds in its highest oxidation state of +6, showcasing its preference for stable electronic configurations. However, it can exhibit other oxidation states, expanding its chemical versatility.
Weakly paramagnetic
52.8 nฮฉยทm
Not well characterized
Not well characterized
Not well characterized
Not well characterized
n=6 for Tungsten's outermost electrons, indicative of its period in the periodic table. (l=2 for the d orbital, reflective of its transition metal properties.)
Total Electrons: 74, Shells: 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2
Not well characterized
[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2
Tungsten's electron configuration reveals its position within the d-block of the periodic table, where partially filled d orbitals give rise to its characteristic transition metal properties, including variable oxidation states and the ability to form complex compounds.
Found in Minerals Like Wolframite and Scheelite
Tungsten is not found in its pure elemental form in nature but rather occurs within various minerals, primarily wolframite ((Fe,Mn)WO4) and scheelite (CaWO4). These minerals serve as the primary sources for extracting tungsten for industrial and technological applications.
Body-Centered Cubic
Temperature: At room temperature
Tungsten adopts a body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure at room temperature, characterized by a highly ordered arrangement of atoms that contributes to its strength and stability.
+6, +4, +5, +3, +2
The most common and stable oxidation state of tungsten is +6, as seen in compounds like tungsten trioxide (WO3) and tungsten hexafluoride (WF6). This state reflects tungsten's tendency to lose six valence electrons, achieving a stable noble gas configuration., Tungsten can also exhibit a +4 oxidation state, as observed in tungsten dioxide (WO2) and certain tungsten halide compounds. This state demonstrates tungsten's versatility in forming compounds with different stoichiometries and properties., While less common, tungsten can also adopt oxidation states of +5, +3, and +2 under specific conditions, further expanding its chemical repertoire and highlighting its ability to engage in diverse chemical reactions.
Tungsten Carbide (WC)
WC
A celebrity in the world of materials science, Tungsten Carbide (WC) is renowned for its exceptional hardness, making it an ideal choice for cutting tools, abrasives, and wear-resistant components in various industrial applications.
Tungsten Trioxide (WO3)
WO3
Tungsten Trioxide (WO3), a versatile compound, finds applications in various fields, including catalysis, electrochromic devices, and gas sensors, owing to its unique electronic and optical properties.
Tungsten Hexafluoride (WF6)
WF6
Tungsten Hexafluoride (WF6) plays a crucial role in the semiconductor industry, serving as a key precursor for depositing tungsten films in microelectronics fabrication processes. Its volatile nature and reactivity make it essential in chemical vapor deposition techniques.
Ammonium Paratungstate (APT)
(NH4)10[H2W12O42]ยท4H2O
Ammonium Paratungstate (APT) serves as a vital intermediate in the production of tungsten metal and tungsten carbide powders. Its role in various industrial processes highlights its importance as a precursor material.
17. Practical Applications
Electrical Filaments
Tungsten's remarkable high melting point and electrical conductivity make it the material of choice for filaments in incandescent light bulbs, electron microscopes, and X-ray tubes, ensuring long-lasting performance and efficient light emission.
Alloys
Tungsten's ability to enhance strength and hardness makes it a sought-after alloying element in steel and superalloys used in aerospace, automotive, and high-temperature applications. Its presence imparts exceptional resistance to wear, corrosion, and thermal stress.
Tools and Wear-Resistant Parts
The exceptional hardness and wear resistance of Tungsten Carbide (WC) make it the go-to material for cutting tools, drilling bits, and wear-resistant components in mining, construction, and metalworking industries, ensuring durability and efficiency in demanding environments.
Medical Applications
Tungsten's high density finds application in radiation shielding for medical equipment and facilities, protecting patients and healthcare professionals from harmful radiation exposure. Its radiopaque properties also make it valuable in medical imaging.
Electronics and Semiconductors
Tungsten plays a crucial role in the electronics and semiconductor industries, where its unique properties enable the fabrication of integrated circuits, transistors, and other electronic components, contributing to advancements in miniaturization and performance.
26. Synthesis and Production
Tungsten is primarily produced through a series of chemical processes involving the extraction and purification of tungsten from its naturally occurring mineral sources, primarily wolframite and scheelite.
The extraction of tungsten from its ores typically involves crushing, grinding, and beneficiation processes to concentrate the tungsten content. Chemical treatments, such as roasting and leaching, are then employed to convert tungsten into soluble forms, followed by further purification steps to obtain high-purity tungsten compounds or metal.
The global production of tungsten is concentrated in a few countries with significant tungsten ore reserves, including China, Russia, Canada, and Vietnam. These countries play a crucial role in meeting the global demand for this essential element.
20. Economic Data
Market Price: Varies, generally high due to processing complexity
Producing Countries: China, Russia, Canada, and others
Industrial Use: Electronics, metal alloys, tool making
Description: Tungsten's economic significance is rooted in its unique properties and diverse applications. Its demand in various industries, coupled with the complexities involved in its extraction and processing, contributes to its relatively high market value and strategic importance in global trade.
18. Biological Role
Not biologically significant
Tungsten does not play a known essential role in biological processes or living organisms. However, research into its potential biological interactions and effects is ongoing.
Tungsten mining and processing are subject to various regulations concerning environmental protection, worker safety, and responsible resource management. These regulations aim to mitigate potential negative impacts associated with tungsten extraction and production.
Export and trade restrictions may apply to tungsten due to its strategic importance in various industries and its potential use in military applications.
19. Health and Environmental Impact
Tungsten metal poses minimal health risks; however, precautions against inhalation of tungsten dust are crucial to prevent respiratory issues, particularly from certain tungsten compounds.
The environmental impact of tungsten is primarily associated with its mining and refining processes, which can lead to habitat disruption, soil erosion, and water pollution. Sustainable mining practices and responsible waste management are essential to minimize these impacts.
27. Environmental Safety
Tungsten metal itself exhibits minimal toxicity. However, inhalation of tungsten dust, particularly from certain compounds, can pose respiratory hazards. Proper handling and ventilation are essential to mitigate potential risks.
When working with tungsten, especially in powder form, prioritize safety by wearing appropriate personal protective equipment, including gloves, masks, and eye protection, to prevent inhalation or contact with skin and eyes.
Handling: Handle tungsten with care, especially in powdered form, to avoid inhalation of dust. Use appropriate personal protective equipment, including gloves, masks, and eye protection.
Storage: Store tungsten in a cool, dry place, away from strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents. Ensure proper container labeling and segregation from incompatible materials.
First Aid Measures: In case of exposure to tungsten dust, move to fresh air and seek medical attention if respiratory irritation occurs. For skin or eye contact, flush thoroughly with water and seek medical attention if irritation persists.
23. Future Predictions
Increased Demand in Emerging Technologies
Tungsten's exceptional properties are expected to drive its demand in emerging technologies like renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and advanced materials development, contributing to sustainable solutions and technological advancements.
Advancements in Recycling and Recovery
Efforts to develop efficient recycling and recovery techniques for tungsten are anticipated to gain momentum, addressing concerns over resource depletion and promoting circular economy principles in the tungsten industry.